CSIR NET JRF Aspirant
Wednesday, May 20, 2015
Preparation of Plasmid DNA
DNA extraction
Tuesday, May 19, 2015
DNA purification
Thursday, May 14, 2015
Recombinant DNA technology
Recombinant DNA technology.
Hi
Online Free life science study material.
Plasmid: Plasmid circular DNA molecule present in procaryoytes.It is independant of main bacterial DNA.
It is often used as selectable marker.
It has one origin of replication sequence which makes it independent of main DNA.
It has RP4 which carries gene for ampicillin, tetracyclin and kanamycin resistance.
Size can vary from 1 kb to 250 kb.
10kb or less are used for cloning.
Number can vary from 1-2 per cell (stringent plasmid) or 50 or more (relaxed plasmid)
Some plasmid carry tra gene which makes them conjugative plasmid. The bacteria having conjugative plasmid becomes conjugative.
5 Types of plasmid:
1. F or fertility: tra gene present. conjugal transfer of plasmid takes place in these.
2. R or resistance: Ampicillin, chloramphenicol etc resistance gene present.
Makes bacterial cell resistant to the antibiotics.
eg. RP4
3. Col plasmid: col gene for colicine is present.
This protein kills other bacteria.eg colE1 of E.coli.
4. Degradative: this plasmid allows metabolism of unusual compound such as toluene, salicylic acid etc.
eg. TUL plasmid of Pseudomonas putida.
5. Virulence: Vir gene is present (described in earlier blog). eg.Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumifaciens.
M13
It is circular and entirely single stranded.
It has 3 gene coding for capsid.
It enters through pilus.
It gets double stranded inside host.
It does not integrate in host genome.Each daughter cell receives copy of M13 which replicate in them also.
M13 vector is used in "Phage display". It is a technique for identifying pairs of genes whose protein product interact with each other.
Free life science studymaterial.
Tuesday, May 12, 2015
RNA editing
Monday, May 11, 2015
Elongation
Online Free life science study material.
Hi
Continue with translation.
Elongation:
It requires Initiation complex, aminoacyl tRNAs, GTP and EF(elongation factors such as EF-TU, EFTs, EF-G)
Now incoming aminoacyl tRNA bind to GTP bound EF-TU complex and this complex bind to A site.
Eukaryotes do not have E site, tRNA removed directly from P site.
Second aminoacid along with EF-Tu enters ribosome and bind to A site and amino acid 1 remains at P site, another next aminoacid binds to A site by shifting second to P site this way elongating the aminoacid chain.
tRNA moves out from E site leaving aminoacid on chain. Each coming aminoacid requires peptidyl transferase enzyme for chain elongation.
Peptidyl transferase step is energy independent and requires ribozyme.
A peptide bond is formed between two amino acids by their tRNAs.
Termination:
1. Takes place when ribosome encounters stop codon UAA,UAG,UGA.
RFs are releasing factors, RF1 recognise UAA,UAG.
RF2 recognise UAA and UGA.
RF release the peptide, ribosome, mRNA, tRNA and the complex diassembles.
some mutations:
Missense mutation: cause aminoacid change.
Nonsense mutation: change aminoacid to stop codon,cause termination of peptide.
Silent Mutation: without apparent affect.
Synonymous mutation: same aminoacid as parent, nucleotide change do not change amino acid.
Neutral mutation: functionally equivalent aminoacid is replaced, not much effect.
Free life science studymaterial.
Friday, May 8, 2015
Continue with translation. (Eucaryotes)
Continue with translation. (Eucaryotes)
Online Free life science study material.
Hi
Translation involves three organelles viz. Ribosome, mRNA and tRNA.
Initiation, elongation and termination are three phases of translation.
1. Initiation:
First step is tRNA charging. This takes place in cytosol.
Similar step as in procaryotes. The difference lies in the initiation factors called eIFs.
• The ribosome breaks before initiation. Smaller subunit 40S binds with eIF3 to form 40SN. eIF2 brings charged tRNA and binds to P site of ribosome and the complex becomes 43SN.In this step GDP is exchanged with GTP ,eIF2 is called GEF(guanine nucleotide exchange factor).
• eI4F also called eIF4 helps in mRNA binding and forms 48SN complex.
• 48SN bind with 60S sbunit to make 80S ribosome.
• eIF1 causes stimulation of translation without eIF1 the 40S particle scan only few nucleotides.
• eIF4A has helicase activity and unwinds any secondary structure of mRNA.
• eIF4 is complex of eIF4A, eIF4E, eIF4G.
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• eIF4E has 5' Cap binding activity as ribosome has cap dependent entry and scans for AUG (start codon), eIF4G is adapter protein, capable of binding to eIF4E and 3'Poly A binding protein (PAB).
In the next blog I will cover elongation.
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